Glt 121 Theory Pdf Free
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Glt 121 Theory Pdf Free
The idea of machines overcoming humans can be intrinsically related to conscious machines. Surpassing humans would mean replicating, reaching and exceeding key distinctive properties of human beings, for example, high-level cognition associated with conscious perception. However, can computers be compared with humans Can computers become conscious Can computers outstrip human capabilities These are paradoxical and controversial questions, particularly because there are many hidden assumptions and misconceptions about the understanding of the brain. In this sense, it is necessary to first explore these assumptions and then suggest how the specific information processing of brains would be replicated by machines. Therefore, this article will discuss a subset of human capabilities and the connection with conscious behavior, secondly, a prototype theory of consciousness will be explored and machines will be classified according to this framework. Finally, this analysis will show the paradoxical conclusion that trying to achieve conscious machines to beat humans implies that computers will never completely exceed human capabilities, or if the computer were to do it, the machine should not be considered a computer anymore.
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First we summarize the evidence for the transient fluctuations in task performance of individuals with ADHD, and the inadequacy of current explanations to account for the short time scales involved. Our hypothesis, introduced initially by Todd and Botteron [13], is then elaborated with evidence for important elements of the theory. Finally we outline strategies for testing the hypothesis and discuss its theoretical and clinical significance.
Reaction time variability is reduced with appropriate monetary reward [45], but such rewards are not differentially effective for children with ADHD. The reason for this may be that reinforcers may be less effective for tasks requiring continual responses to rapid, externally-paced stimuli than for subject-paced (free-operant) responding [68]. The reason for this is probably that reinforcers work on free-operant behaviour, but not on instructed behaviour typical in tasks requiring continual responses to rapid, externally-paced stimuli (cf., [68]). Methylphenidate medication improves accuracy, speeds reaction time, and reduces reaction time variability in individuals with ADHD [35, 58]. Moreover, methylphenidate has been shown to improve time on-task, with concomitant decreases in the number of shifts in attention as the task progressed [67]. Such treatment effects suggest that the increased availability of extra-neuronal catecholamines arising from the blockade of their uptake by methylphenidate could lead to increased activity of noradrenaline at β-adrenoceptors and possibly also dopamine acting at D1 receptors found on astrocytes [15, 69]. A key fact is that stimulation of α1- and β-adrenoceptors on astrocytes enhances glycolysis and lactate production [69]. Dopamine acting on D1 receptors may have similar effects, but these are not well documented.
The dynamic developmental theory of ADHD [8, 9, 20] explains intra-individual behavioural variability as deficient acquisition of stimulus control of long chains of behaviour. This deficiency is rooted in reduced efficacy of reinforcers ("rewards") combined with poorer extinction ("unlearning") of inefficient behaviour. The dynamic developmental theory addresses free-operant behaviour without time constraints. However, neither the dynamic developmental theory of ADHD, nor other theories and explanations account for the intra-individual performance variability of ADHD on tasks that require continual responses to rapid, externally-paced stimuli.